Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. this exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

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From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

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________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

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A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

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________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

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A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

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________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

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A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

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Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

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Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

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Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

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Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

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Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

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Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

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Schemata are a(an) ________.

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method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

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Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

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A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

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A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

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Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

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From ________ months old, children are most cNationalble of using simple sentences such as "I see."

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The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

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The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

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After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

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Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

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Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

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The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept?

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At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences."

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The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

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What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

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mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

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Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

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It was not empirical.

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A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

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Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

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functional fixedness

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What is confirmation bias?

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focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

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Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

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An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

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one piece of information versus all of the information

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Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

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Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

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Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

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representational bias

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Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

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availability heuristic

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Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

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the decision to be made is important

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Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

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Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

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What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

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All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

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The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

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experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

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Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

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Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

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Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

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Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

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Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

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Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

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logical-mathematical

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Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

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Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

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Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

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Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

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In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

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interpersonal; intrapersonal

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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

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The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

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Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

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He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

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Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

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He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

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Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

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What is the Flynn effect?

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The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

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Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

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processing memory

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The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

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one standard deviation above the mean

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Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

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Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

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Bernadette has Difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

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Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

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Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

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was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

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Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

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What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization."

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The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

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Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

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experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

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What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Nationalrt suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

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revealed a genetic component to intelligence

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What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

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Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

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Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

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learning disability

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very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems

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Sets of strategies, rather than strict rules, that act as guidelines for discovery-oriented problem solving.

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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people.

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The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

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A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

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Short, distinctive sound units

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Smallest units that carry meaning

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A swiss psychologist/researcher/educator noted in the area of child development established the theory of flexible yet sequential states of child development and the theory that knowledge is best transmitted via social interaction with others and the world.

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Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

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Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Object permanence and stranger anxiety

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically Egocentrism. Unable to understand reversibility, conservation.

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preoperational stage

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The ability to understand other people's feeling, thoughts, and perceptions- as well as their own- and also how to predict behavior

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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Conservation Mathematical transformations

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Concrete operational stage

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Final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (from age 11 and up) children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations Abstract logic moral reasoning

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characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves. Result of caregiver who was insensitive and inattentive to their needs.

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avoidant attachment

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characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child. Result of the caregivers' inconsistent level of response to their child.

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Resistant attachment

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characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

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Disorganized attachment

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parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view

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parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

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parents make few demands and rarely use punishment